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Questions – vitamin C
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Questions – vitamin C
Hi Dmitry,
I have some questions while reading your work and would appreciate your input.
Vitamin C:
Hoffer’s niacin protocol described in his book included vitamin C. I suspect one of the reason was to lessen the strain to the liver. What is your thoughts on niacin’s long term effect on liver?
I understand hom3ostasis protocol only requires nicotinic acid and L-glutamine. What is your take on adding vitamin C?
Regards,
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4 Replies
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1. Unfortunately Hoffer didn’t know of glutamine.
2. “Vitamin C” deficiency is yet another endogenous byproduct of niacin + glutamine deficiency. Further, ascorbic acid is a phenolic acid, trying to mimic flush niacin but with orders less power and not knowing niacin is coming, then handcuffing niacin from binding to its receptor, not good: https://www.jlr.org/article/S0022-2275(20)30843-9/fulltext
3. C can be toxic for immune cells … these are not good compounds with therapeutic value over niacin + glutamine deficiency, just like literally everything else.
4. If they are telling you C or not at least flush niacin, and even feeding you bullshit about “niacin bad for [anything, especially] the liver”, then they have zero credibility and/or are bioterrorists. Saying these mistruths are definitively harmful and thus disinformation. They say this garbage to hide niacin… blaming the damage of extended/sustained-release pharma or even salvage NAD+ precursors or huge dose niacin in inapplicable rodent models with one NAD+ pathway to higher order animals, on niacin?!?!!?!? And note all this below is still flush niacin, actually immediate release nicotinic acid (i.e., not “niacin” from their Google search results), underpowered with equimolar glutamine:
“In our study, high niacin intake during lifestyle intervention was associated with a larger reduction of liver fat content without affecting insulin sensitivity”
“Among 58 subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) at baseline, NAFLD resolved in 23 subjects during the lifestyle intervention. For one standard deviation increase in niacin intake, the odds ratio for resolution of NAFLD was 1.77 (95% CI, 1.00–3.43). High niacin intake may have a favorable effect on the reduction of liver fat during lifestyle intervention”
Niacin Intake Predicts the Decrease of Liver Fat Content During a Lifestyle Intervention
https://nature.com/articles/s41598-018-38002-7…“None of the patients taking IR [immediate release aka ‘flush’] niacin developed hepatoxic effects, while 12 (52%) of the 23 patients taking SR niacin did. —The SR [sustained release, altered] form of niacin is hepatotoxic and should be restricted from use. … The IR niacin is preferred for the management of hypercholesterolemia”
A Comparison of the Efficacy and Toxic Effects of Sustained- vs Immediate-Release Niacin in Hypercholesterolemic Patients
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/366299…“pharmacologic (high-dose) niacin offers a potential treatment for liver cirrhosis, the clinical manifestation of liver fibrosis. This study offers a clue that niacin may reverse fibrosis resulting from other causes of cirrhosis including viral, alcohol, chemicals, etc.”
“this study shows for the first time that NIACIN:
* reverses preexisting collagen deposition in liver fibrosis associated w/ NASH
* prevents & reverses collagen deposition induced by oxidative stress in non-fibrotic stellate cells
* should be repurposed as an effective drug for clinical treatment of patients with NASH-fibrosis or liver cirrhosis
* has known efficacy for reversing steatohepatitis and steatosis (which can also result in liver cirrhosis)
* in patients with fibrotic NASH or liver cirrhosis is suggested as a cost-effective therapy for a major unmet need in clinical medicine.”
Niacin regresses collagen content in human hepatic stellate cells from liver transplant donors with fibrotic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9274597/^ “Participants in an open label study at Kaiser Permanente in San Francisco received an average of 3000mg a day. After a mean duration of one year, 81% of patients had experienced reductions in intra-abdominal fat as measured by a single slice abdominal CT scan (the method agreed to provide an objective measure of changes in body fat). The average reduction in those who experienced improvement was 27%, and the degree of fat loss was significantly associated with the degree of increase in HDL cholesterol (niacin is given to people with elevated cholesterol to increase levels of good HDL cholesterol), and a reduced Total Cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio.”
Niacin reduces abdominal fat: pilot study
https://aidsmap.com/news/feb-2002/niacin-reduces-abdominal-fat-pilot-study…“Here, we demonstrated that oral supplementation of niacin resulted in a significant reduction in body weight and fat mass without affecting food intake in highfat diet-fed”
“Additionally, we demonstrated that niacin treatment stimulated thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue by induction of thermogenic genes via GPR109A”
“GPR109A deficient animals display obesity”
“niacin exhibited a markedly decrease in HOMA-IR values, suggesting the beneficial role of niacin in insulin sensitivity”
Niacin Fine-Tunes Energy Homeostasis Through Canonical GPR109A Signaling
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3237699…“The findings suggest that niacin exerts beneficial effect on adiposity, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and plasma lipids, and that it specifically modulates the level of serum adiponectin under obese condition.”
Niacin improves adiponectin secretion, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese
https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2314808X15000615…“Our research demonstrated that intake of niacin prevents the prevalence rate of cardiovascular disease by inhibiting low HDL-cholesterol and hyperglycemia”
“In conclusion, all the results from this research show the highest prevalence rate of cardiovascular diseases from physiological factors: hypertension, waist size, low HDL-cholesterol, and the nutrient that was related to the abnormal rate of physiological factors was niacin.”
Relationship of Niacin with Cardiovascular Disease
http://kjcls.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.15324/kjcls.2019.51.4.484…“The findings reveal that macrophage GPR109a deficiency accelerates the development of T1D [Type 1 Diabetes]. Activation of GPR109a on macrophage by nicotinic acid may provide a new strategy for preventing or treating T1D.”
GPR109a Regulates Phenotypic and Functional Alterations in Macrophages and the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.202200300^ “Participants in an open label study at Kaiser Permanente in San Francisco received an average of 3000mg a day. After a mean duration of one year, 81% of patients had experienced reductions in intra-abdominal fat as measured by a single slice abdominal CT scan (the method agreed to provide an objective measure of changes in body fat). The average reduction in those who experienced improvement was 27%, and the degree of fat loss was significantly associated with the degree of increase in HDL cholesterol (niacin is given to people with elevated cholesterol to increase levels of good HDL cholesterol), and a reduced Total Cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio.”
Niacin reduces abdominal fat: pilot study
https://aidsmap.com/news/feb-2002/niacin-reduces-abdominal-fat-pilot-study…“Here, we demonstrated that oral supplementation of niacin resulted in a significant reduction in body weight and fat mass without affecting food intake in highfat diet-fed”
“Additionally, we demonstrated that niacin treatment stimulated thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue by induction of thermogenic genes via GPR109A”
“GPR109A deficient animals display obesity”
“niacin exhibited a markedly decrease in HOMA-IR values, suggesting the beneficial role of niacin in insulin sensitivity”
Niacin Fine-Tunes Energy Homeostasis Through Canonical GPR109A Signaling
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3237699…“The findings suggest that niacin exerts beneficial effect on adiposity, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and plasma lipids, and that it specifically modulates the level of serum adiponectin under obese condition.”
Niacin improves adiponectin secretion, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese
https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2314808X15000615…“Our research demonstrated that intake of niacin prevents the prevalence rate of cardiovascular disease by inhibiting low HDL-cholesterol and hyperglycemia”
“In conclusion, all the results from this research show the highest prevalence rate of cardiovascular diseases from physiological factors: hypertension, waist size, low HDL-cholesterol, and the nutrient that was related to the abnormal rate of physiological factors was niacin.”
Relationship of Niacin with Cardiovascular Disease
http://kjcls.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.15324/kjcls.2019.51.4.484…“The findings reveal that macrophage GPR109a deficiency accelerates the development of T1D [Type 1 Diabetes]. Activation of GPR109a on macrophage by nicotinic acid may provide a new strategy for preventing or treating T1D.”
GPR109a Regulates Phenotypic and Functional Alterations in Macrophages and the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.202200300“This meta-analysis involved 2,110 patients with T2DM from 8 RCTs across a wide range of patients’ characteristics. The results of this study suggested that niacin supplementation significantly reduced TC, TG, & LDL, and increased the level of HDL.”
Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2020/07170/effectiveness_of_niacin_supplementation_for.94.aspx…“Niacin use significantly increased HDL-C by 29% and 29% and decreased triglycerides by 23% and 28% and LDL-C by 8% and 9%, respectively, in participants with and without diabetes.”
Effect of Niacin on Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels and Glycemic Control in Patients With Diabetes and Peripheral Arterial Disease
The ADMIT Study: A Randomized Trial
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/193064…“niacin therapy had typical effects on routine clinical lipids (HDL-C + 16%, q < 0.01; LDL-C − 20%, q < 0.01; and triglyceride − 15%, q = 0.1)”
Effect of niacin monotherapy on high density lipoprotein composition and function
https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12944-020-01350-3…“niacin retains an FDA-approved indication as monotherapy for treating dyslipidemia, a main risk factor for cardiovascular events and myocardial infarction”
“Stratified meta-analysis showed an association of niacin monotherapy with reduction of some cardiovascular events among patients WITHOUT statins (acute coronary syndrome: relative risk, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.58-0.96; stroke: 0.69; 95% CI, 0.59-0.94; revascularization: 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37-0.72). These results were mainly derived from 2 trials conducted in the 1970s and 1980s”
Assessment of the Role of Niacin in Managing Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2730481…“Our study concludes that lipid-modifying dosages of niacin can be safely used in patients with diabetes and that niacin should be used for patients with diabetes to sufficiently correct hypertriglyceridemia or low HDL-C levels.”
Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT study: A randomized trial. Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial.
https://read.qxmd.com/read/10979113/effect-of-niacin-on-lipid-and-lipoprotein-levels-and-glycemic-control-in-patients-with-diabetes-and-peripheral-arterial-disease-the-admit-study-a-randomized-trial-arterial-disease-multiple-intervention-trial…“concluded from many clinical trials using statins, lowering LDL-C alone is no longer regarded to be sufficient to treat CVD
comprehensive lipid management, in which raising HDL is an important target, a new standard. Niacin is UNSURPASSED in raising HDL”Niacin Increases HDL by Reducing Hepatic Expression and Plasma Levels of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein
https://ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/atvbaha.108.171363…“link is supported in humans by epidemiological data demonstrating a correlation between intake of NAD+ precursor niacin (nicotinic acid) & vascular health, & LDL. In fact, niacin is an FDA-approved therapy for reducing LDL, ApoB, TG, and for raising HDL”
NAD+ in COVID-19 and viral infections
https://cell.com/trends/immunology/fulltext/S1471-4906(22)00025-4High triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio as a biochemical marker of severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients
https://clinicalnutritionespen.com/article/S2405-4577(21)00162-5/fulltext…Low HDL and high triglycerides predict COVID-19 severity
https://nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86747-5…Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio is Associated with the Mortality of COVID-19
https://dovepress.com/triglyceridehigh-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol-ratio-is-associated-w-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM…High-density lipoproteins may play a crucial role in COVID-19
https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-022-01865-4…HDL cholesterol levels and susceptibility to COVID-19
https://thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(22)00347-4/fulltext…Causal Inference for Genetically Determined Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of Infectious Disease
https://ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313381…The Triglyceride to High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio, an Estimate of Insulin Resistance, is Associated with Incident Coronary Heart Disease. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
https://ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.133.suppl_1.mp37-
Thank you for the detailed explanation !
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wow, great info, thanks!
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Very welcome. Yes, knowledge is power… and don’t forget the glutamine which fuels flush niacin (and goes to crap as niacin does, and must be restored or supplemented to protect along with niacin to restore and preserve, respectively, niacin and health too):
“Therefore, NAD+ boosters would be effective for the prevention of COVID-19 or immediately after the infection with SARS-CoV-2″
“the glutamine supply for both the de novo synthesis and Preiss-Handler pathways is indispensable for NAD+ synthesis”
Comorbidity-associated glutamine deficiency is a predisposition to severe COVID-19
https://nature.com/articles/s41418-021-00892-y“pharmacological interventions to enhance NAD levels via niacin will boost innate immunity to coronaviruses”
Coronavirus infection and PARP expression dysregulate the NAD metabolome: An actionable component of innate immunity
https://jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(17)50676-6/fulltext“Hospitalization time was 10.4 ± 1.9 days in Covid-19 without L-Glutamine group and 8.9 ± 1.8 days in Covid-19 with L-Glutamine group (p = .005). In Covid-19 without the L-Glutamine group, four patients require the ICU though no one in the other group required that (p = .038)”
“adding enteral glutamine to the normal nutrition in the early period of Covid-19 infection will shorten the length of hospital stay and reduce the need for ICU”
Effect of oral l-Glutamine supplementation on Covid-19 treatment
https://clinicalnutritionopenscience.com/article/S2352-9393(20)30016-6/fulltext“Reduced glutamine in COVID 19 may have adverse consequences for the patients’ prognosis. In COVID19 patients, depleted glutamine levels might be trigger differentiation of myofibroblasts from fibroblasts and increase abnormal collagen synthesis and fibrosis in the lungs”
“Enteral or parenteral administration of glutamine will correct the duration and pathophysiology of the patients’ stay in hospital and intensive care.”
Glutamine-Driven Metabolic Adaptation to COVID-19 Infection
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12291-022-01037-9“NaAD+ accelerates the kcat/Km of the Qns1 glutaminase active site by ∼50-fold with a reversible substrate dissociation constant (Ks) that is 24-fold lower than the Km of Qns1 for NaAD+ to NAD+ product formation. Whereas this mode of regulation reduces the glutamine to NAD+ efficiency at low NaAD+ levels, it effectively reduces the waste of glutamine on an absolute basis in the absence of NaAD+. Moreover, at high NaAD+ levels, Qns1 achieves maximal glutamine to NAD+ efficiency and becomes strictly limited by glutamine levels to produce NAD”
Glutamine-dependent NAD+ Synthetase
https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925820705235“sickle cells have a higher level of active transport and utilization of glutamine, an amino that is required for NAD+ synthesis. (3) They then demonstrated that L-glutamine administration modestly increases NAD+ levels in sickle cells but more significantly increases the redox potential defined by the ratio of NADH to the sum of NADH plus NAD+. (4) This change in NAD redox potential appears to decrease their sensitivity to oxidative stress. Glutamine may have additional beneficial effects by facilitating protein and glutathione synthesis.
L-Glutamine facilitates NAD+ synthesis as the substrate for the glutaminase activity of NAD synthetase, which uses the ammonia it releases from glutamine to convert nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide”
A New Step in the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00785FDA approved L-glutamine powder for the treatment of sickle cell disease
https://fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approved-l-glutamine-powder-treatment-sickle-cell-diseaseNiacin to Improve Blood Flow in People With Sickle Cell Disease
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00508989“SCD [sickle cell disease] are at greater risk of severe illness & death from respiratory (lung) infections, including COVID-19, than people w/o SCD.
In 2020, there were 1,023 SCD-related deaths reported in the USA.
Rate of sickle cell disease-related death appears higher during the COVID-19 pandemic
https://cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/features/covid19-sicklecell.html#:~:text=People%20with%20SCD%20are%20at,%2D19%20vaccine%20(shot)“Given their young average age (28.6 years), these rates are striking.”
People w/ sickle cell disease who developed COVID have high rates of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, & death
https://cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/features/scd-and-covid-19.htmlThere are so many more, but just a sample above ^
+ see here: https://hom3ostasis.com/2022/11/homo-sapien-vs-hom3ostasien/
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